10.1 Introduction: Transformation of a key technology
In the 21st century, electrical engineering is at the heart of profound global transformation processes. Digitization, climate change, urbanization, and demographic shifts are placing new demands on energy, communication, and production systems.
Electrical engineering is increasingly evolving from a classical engineering discipline into an integrative systems science that links energy, information, mobility and industry in highly complex infrastructures.
10.2 Digitization of physical systems
A key characteristic of the 21st century is the complete digitization of technical systems. Virtually every electrotechnical device now contains:
- microprocessors
- Sensors
- Communication interfaces
- Software-based controls
This development leads to so-called cyber-physical systems, in which physical processes are digitally monitored and controlled.
Examples:
- Smart meters
- networked production facilities
- Smart home systems
- Autonomous vehicles
Electrical engineering forms the physical basis of this digital infrastructure.
10.3 Renewable Energies and System Integration
The energy transition is one of the greatest challenges of our time. The shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources requires profound restructuring of the grid infrastructure.
Technical focus areas:
- Integration of fluctuating producers
- Grid stability with decentralized power generation
- Storage technologies
- Sector coupling (electricity, heat, transport)
Power electronics, digital network monitoring and intelligent control strategies are crucial for successful transformation.
10.4 Electromobility and new transport systems
The electrification of transport is another key area of development. Electric vehicles require:
- High-performance batteries
- Fast charging technology
- Efficient drive electronics
- Charging infrastructure
In addition, concepts such as autonomous driving and networked transport systems are emerging, which require high-performance sensors and data processing.
Electrical engineering combines energy technology, communication technology and control engineering.
10.5 Next-Generation Power Semiconductors
Modern materials such as:
- Silicon carbide ( SiC )
- Gallium nitride ( GaN )
They enable higher switching frequencies, lower losses, and more compact designs. These technologies are particularly relevant for:
- Photovoltaic inverters
- Fast chargers
- High-voltage networks
- Electromobility
Materials research is increasingly becoming the driving force behind innovation in electrical engineering.
10.6 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly finding its way into electrical engineering applications. Examples:
- Network optimization through predictive algorithms
- Condition monitoring of technical systems
- Autonomous robots
- Adaptive control systems
The combination of hardware and adaptive software expands the classical methods of electrical engineering.
10.7 Quantum Technologies
Quantum technology is a promising field. Quantum computers promise exponential performance improvements for certain computational problems.
In addition, the following will be created:
- Quantum communication systems
- Quantum sensors
- Superconducting circuits
These technologies combine electrical engineering with quantum physics at the highest scientific level.
10.8 Sustainability and resource conservation
Electrical systems increasingly need to be evaluated from a sustainability perspective. Important criteria include:
- Energy efficiency
- Recyclability
- Resource-saving materials
- Reduction of rare earth elements
- Life cycle analyses
Ecological responsibility is becoming an integral part of development processes.
10.9 Global Networking and Cybersecurity
With increasing connectivity, vulnerability to cyberattacks also rises. Electrical infrastructures – especially power grids and communication systems – are critical facilities.
Therefore, the following areas are gaining in importance:
- Cryptographic hardware
- Secure communication protocols
- Redundant system architectures
- Intrusion Detection Systems
Safety is becoming a fundamental requirement for modern electrotechnical systems.
10.10 Interdisciplinary Convergence
Electrical engineering is increasingly merging with:
- Computer science
- Materials science
- Biomedicine
- Environmental technology
- Space technology
This convergence leads to new fields of research such as bioelectronics, neuroprosthetics and space energy systems.
10.11 Societal Implications
The electrical engineering of the 21st century influences:
- Working world and automation
- Global communication structures
- Energy policy
- Data protection and privacy
- Sustainable development
It is not just a technical discipline, but a central factor in shaping society.
10.12 Summary
Chapter 10 shows that electrical engineering is facing a phase of profound transformation in the 21st century.
Key developments:
- Digitization of physical systems
- Energy transition and smart grids
- Electromobility
- New semiconductor materials
- Artificial intelligence
- Quantum technologies
Electrical engineering remains a key technology of modern civilization and will continue to make a significant contribution to solving global challenges in the future.